Pre- and postoperative conditions of the deltoid muscle have been identified as a key factor affecting the outcome of the operation. The importance of the deltoid in obtaining satisfactory effects after reverse shoulder arthroplasty has been investigated from clinical observation 2, 3. On the one hand, it plays an important role in the biomechanics of shoulders going through reverse shoulder arthroplasty 1, 2. Moreover, these reference ranges may serve as quantitative baseline measurements for assessment of normal MD elasticity in the future.ĭeltoid muscle is a vital muscle in maintaining shoulder movement and stability. Our results suggest that normal MD elasticity at L0°, R0°, L90°, and R90° with SWE are different. SWE is a feasible technique to assess normal MD elasticity at various arm abduction. Reference ranges of normal MD elasticity were 2.4–3.1 m/s in males and 2.2–2.9 m/s in females at L0° and 2.5–3.3 m/s in males and 2.4–3.2 m/s in females at R0°, and were 4.9–6.7 m/s at L90°, 5.2–7.1 m/s at R90° for both males and females. Neither MD thickness, age nor body mass index influenced MD elasticity. SWV was significantly higher in males at both L0° ( P < 0.05) and R0° ( P < 0.01) than in females. Mean SWV was significantly higher at L90° than L0°, higher at R90° than R0°, higher at R0° than L0°, and higher at R90° than L90° (all P < 0.0001). Different arm abduction positions of each participant were as follows: (i) 0° abduction of bilateral arm (L0° and R0°), (ii) 90° active abduction of bilateral arm (L90° and R90°). Mean shear wave velocity (SWV) of the MD in healthy right-handed participants were evaluated using SWE at different arm abduction, and potential factors (gender, MD thickness, age, body mass index) affecting MD elasticity were analyzed. The objective of this study is to assess the change in the normal MD elasticity using shear wave elastography (SWE) through measuring the middle deltoid (MD) elasticity in healthy participants at various arm abduction (with bilateral arms at 0 degrees abduction and 90 degrees active abduction) and analyzing the factors affecting normal MD elasticity.
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